/**
 * $RCSfile$
 * $Revision: 3144 $
 * $Date: 2005-12-01 14:20:11 -0300 (Thu, 01 Dec 2005) $
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2004-2008 Jive Software. All rights reserved.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.jivesoftware.util.cache;

import org.jivesoftware.util.LinkedListNode;
import org.jivesoftware.util.Log;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.util.*;

/**
 * Default, non-distributed implementation of the Cache interface.
 * The algorithm for cache is as follows: a HashMap is maintained for fast
 * object lookup. Two linked lists are maintained: one keeps objects in the
 * order they are accessed from cache, the other keeps objects in the order
 * they were originally added to cache. When objects are added to cache, they
 * are first wrapped by a CacheObject which maintains the following pieces
 * of information:<ul>
 *
 * <li> The size of the object (in bytes).
 * <li> A pointer to the node in the linked list that maintains accessed
 * order for the object. Keeping a reference to the node lets us avoid
 * linear scans of the linked list.
 * <li> A pointer to the node in the linked list that maintains the age
 * of the object in cache. Keeping a reference to the node lets us avoid
 * linear scans of the linked list.</ul><p>
 *
 * To get an object from cache, a hash lookup is performed to get a reference
 * to the CacheObject that wraps the real object we are looking for.
 * The object is subsequently moved to the front of the accessed linked list
 * and any necessary cache cleanups are performed. Cache deletion and expiration
 * is performed as needed.
 *
 * @author Matt Tucker
 */
public class DefaultCache<K, V> implements Cache<K, V> {

    /**
     * The map the keys and values are stored in.
     */
    protected Map<K, DefaultCache.CacheObject<V>> map;

    /**
     * Linked list to maintain order that cache objects are accessed
     * in, most used to least used.
     */
    protected org.jivesoftware.util.LinkedList lastAccessedList;

    /**
     * Linked list to maintain time that cache objects were initially added
     * to the cache, most recently added to oldest added.
     */
    protected org.jivesoftware.util.LinkedList ageList;

    /**
     * Maximum size in bytes that the cache can grow to.
     */
    private long maxCacheSize;

    /**
     * Maintains the current size of the cache in bytes.
     */
    private int cacheSize = 0;

    /**
     * Maximum length of time objects can exist in cache before expiring.
     */
    protected long maxLifetime;

    /**
     * Maintain the number of cache hits and misses. A cache hit occurs every
     * time the get method is called and the cache contains the requested
     * object. A cache miss represents the opposite occurence.<p>
     *
     * Keeping track of cache hits and misses lets one measure how efficient
     * the cache is; the higher the percentage of hits, the more efficient.
     */
    protected long cacheHits, cacheMisses = 0L;

    /**
     * The name of the cache.
     */
    private String name;

    /**
     * Create a new default cache and specify the maximum size of for the cache in
     * bytes, and the maximum lifetime of objects.
     *
     * @param name a name for the cache.
     * @param maxSize the maximum size of the cache in bytes. -1 means the cache
     *      has no max size.
     * @param maxLifetime the maximum amount of time objects can exist in
     *      cache before being deleted. -1 means objects never expire.
     */
    public DefaultCache(String name, long maxSize, long maxLifetime) {
        this.name = name;
        this.maxCacheSize = maxSize;
        this.maxLifetime = maxLifetime;

        // Our primary data structure is a HashMap. The default capacity of 11
        // is too small in almost all cases, so we set it bigger.
        map = new HashMap<K, CacheObject<V>>(103);

        lastAccessedList = new org.jivesoftware.util.LinkedList();
        ageList = new org.jivesoftware.util.LinkedList();
    }

    public synchronized V put(K key, V value) {
        // Delete an old entry if it exists.
        V answer = remove(key);

        int objectSize = calculateSize(value);

        // If the object is bigger than the entire cache, simply don't add it.
        if (maxCacheSize > 0 && objectSize > maxCacheSize * .90) {
            Log.warn("Cache: " + name + " -- object with key " + key +
                    " is too large to fit in cache. Size is " + objectSize);
            return value;
        }
        cacheSize += objectSize;
        DefaultCache.CacheObject<V> cacheObject = new DefaultCache.CacheObject<V>(value, objectSize);
        map.put(key, cacheObject);
        // Make an entry into the cache order list.
        LinkedListNode lastAccessedNode = lastAccessedList.addFirst(key);
        // Store the cache order list entry so that we can get back to it
        // during later lookups.
        cacheObject.lastAccessedListNode = lastAccessedNode;
        // Add the object to the age list
        LinkedListNode ageNode = ageList.addFirst(key);
        // We make an explicit call to currentTimeMillis() so that total accuracy
        // of lifetime calculations is better than one second.
        ageNode.timestamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
        cacheObject.ageListNode = ageNode;

        // If cache is too full, remove least used cache entries until it is
        // not too full.
        cullCache();

        return answer;
    }

    public synchronized V get(Object key) {
        // First, clear all entries that have been in cache longer than the
        // maximum defined age.
        deleteExpiredEntries();

        DefaultCache.CacheObject<V> cacheObject = map.get(key);
        if (cacheObject == null) {
            // The object didn't exist in cache, so increment cache misses.
            cacheMisses++;
            return null;
        }

        // The object exists in cache, so increment cache hits. Also, increment
        // the object's read count.
        cacheHits++;
        cacheObject.readCount++;

        // Remove the object from it's current place in the cache order list,
        // and re-insert it at the front of the list.
        cacheObject.lastAccessedListNode.remove();
        lastAccessedList.addFirst(cacheObject.lastAccessedListNode);

        return cacheObject.object;
    }

    public synchronized V remove(Object key) {
        DefaultCache.CacheObject<V> cacheObject = map.get(key);
        // If the object is not in cache, stop trying to remove it.
        if (cacheObject == null) {
            return null;
        }
        // remove from the hash map
        map.remove(key);
        // remove from the cache order list
        cacheObject.lastAccessedListNode.remove();
        cacheObject.ageListNode.remove();
        // remove references to linked list nodes
        cacheObject.ageListNode = null;
        cacheObject.lastAccessedListNode = null;
        // removed the object, so subtract its size from the total.
        cacheSize -= cacheObject.size;
        return cacheObject.object;
    }

    public synchronized void clear() {
        Object[] keys = map.keySet().toArray();
        for (int i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
            remove(keys[i]);
        }

        // Now, reset all containers.
        map.clear();
        lastAccessedList.clear();
        lastAccessedList = new org.jivesoftware.util.LinkedList();
        ageList.clear();
        ageList = new org.jivesoftware.util.LinkedList();

        cacheSize = 0;
        cacheHits = 0;
        cacheMisses = 0;
    }

    public int size() {
        // First, clear all entries that have been in cache longer than the
        // maximum defined age.
        deleteExpiredEntries();

        return map.size();
    }

    public boolean isEmpty() {
        // First, clear all entries that have been in cache longer than the
        // maximum defined age.
        deleteExpiredEntries();

        return map.isEmpty();
    }

    public Collection<V> values() {
        // First, clear all entries that have been in cache longer than the
        // maximum defined age.
        deleteExpiredEntries();
        return new DefaultCache.CacheObjectCollection(map.values());
    }

    /**
     * Wraps a cached object collection to return a view of its inner objects
     */
    private final class CacheObjectCollection<V> implements Collection<V> {
        private Collection<DefaultCache.CacheObject<V>> cachedObjects;

        private CacheObjectCollection(Collection<DefaultCache.CacheObject<V>> cachedObjects) {
            this.cachedObjects = new ArrayList<CacheObject<V>>(cachedObjects);
        }

        public int size() {
            return cachedObjects.size();
        }

        public boolean isEmpty() {
            return size() == 0;
        }

        public boolean contains(Object o) {
            Iterator<V> it = iterator();
            while (it.hasNext()) {
                if (it.next().equals(o)) {
                    return true;
                }
            }
            return false;
        }

        public Iterator<V> iterator() {
            return new Iterator<V>() {
                private final Iterator<DefaultCache.CacheObject<V>> it = cachedObjects.iterator();

                public boolean hasNext() {
                    return it.hasNext();
                }

                public V next() {
                    if(it.hasNext()) {
                        DefaultCache.CacheObject<V> object = it.next();
                        if(object == null) {
                            return null;
                        } else {
                            return object.object;
                        }
                    }
                    else {
                        throw new NoSuchElementException();
                    }
                }

                public void remove() {
                    throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
                }
            };
        }

        public Object[] toArray() {
            Object[] array = new Object[size()];
            Iterator it = iterator();
            int i = 0;
            while (it.hasNext()) {
                array[i] = it.next();
            }
            return array;
        }

        public <V>V[] toArray(V[] a) {
            Iterator<V> it = (Iterator<V>) iterator();
            int i = 0;
            while (it.hasNext()) {
                a[i++] = it.next();
            }
            return a;
        }

        public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c) {
            Iterator it = c.iterator();
            while(it.hasNext()) {
                if(!contains(it.next())) {
                    return false;
                }
            }
            return true;
        }

        public boolean add(V o) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }

        public boolean remove(Object o) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }

        public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends V> coll) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }

        public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> coll) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }

        public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> coll) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }

        public void clear() {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
    }

    public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
        // First, clear all entries that have been in cache longer than the
        // maximum defined age.
        deleteExpiredEntries();

        return map.containsKey(key);
    }

    public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> map) {
        for (Iterator<? extends K> i = map.keySet().iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
            K key = i.next();
            V value = map.get(key);
            put(key, value);
        }
    }

    public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
        // First, clear all entries that have been in cache longer than the
        // maximum defined age.
        deleteExpiredEntries();

        if(value == null) {
            return containsNullValue();
        }

        Iterator it = values().iterator();
        while(it.hasNext()) {
            if(value.equals(it.next())) {
                 return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    private boolean containsNullValue() {
        Iterator it = values().iterator();
        while(it.hasNext()) {
            if(it.next() == null) {
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    public Set<Entry<K, V>> entrySet() {
        // First, clear all entries that have been in cache longer than the
        // maximum defined age.
        deleteExpiredEntries();
        // TODO Make this work right

        synchronized (this) {
            final Map<K, V> result = new HashMap<K, V>();
            for (final Entry<K, DefaultCache.CacheObject<V>> entry : map.entrySet()) {
                result.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue().object);
            }
            return result.entrySet();
        }
    }

    public Set<K> keySet() {
        // First, clear all entries that have been in cache longer than the
        // maximum defined age.
        deleteExpiredEntries();
        synchronized (this) {
            return new HashSet<K>(map.keySet());
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the name of this cache. The name is completely arbitrary
     * and used only for display to administrators.
     *
     * @return the name of this cache.
     */
    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the name of this cache.
     *
     * @param name the name of this cache.
     */
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of cache hits. A cache hit occurs every
     * time the get method is called and the cache contains the requested
     * object.<p>
     *
     * Keeping track of cache hits and misses lets one measure how efficient
     * the cache is; the higher the percentage of hits, the more efficient.
     *
     * @return the number of cache hits.
     */
    public long getCacheHits() {
        return cacheHits;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of cache misses. A cache miss occurs every
     * time the get method is called and the cache does not contain the
     * requested object.<p>
     *
     * Keeping track of cache hits and misses lets one measure how efficient
     * the cache is; the higher the percentage of hits, the more efficient.
     *
     * @return the number of cache hits.
     */
    public long getCacheMisses() {
        return cacheMisses;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the size of the cache contents in bytes. This value is only a
     * rough approximation, so cache users should expect that actual VM
     * memory used by the cache could be significantly higher than the value
     * reported by this method.
     *
     * @return the size of the cache contents in bytes.
     */
    public int getCacheSize() {
        return cacheSize;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the maximum size of the cache (in bytes). If the cache grows larger
     * than the max size, the least frequently used items will be removed. If
     * the max cache size is set to -1, there is no size limit.
     *
     * @return the maximum size of the cache (-1 indicates unlimited max size).
     */
    public long getMaxCacheSize() {
        return maxCacheSize;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the maximum size of the cache. If the cache grows larger
     * than the max size, the least frequently used items will be removed. If
     * the max cache size is set to -1, there is no size limit.
     *
     * @param maxCacheSize the maximum size of this cache (-1 indicates unlimited max size).
     */
    public void setMaxCacheSize(int maxCacheSize) {
        this.maxCacheSize = maxCacheSize;
        CacheFactory.setMaxSizeProperty(name, maxCacheSize);
        // It's possible that the new max size is smaller than our current cache
        // size. If so, we need to delete infrequently used items.
        cullCache();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the maximum number of milleseconds that any object can live
     * in cache. Once the specified number of milleseconds passes, the object
     * will be automatically expried from cache. If the max lifetime is set
     * to -1, then objects never expire.
     *
     * @return the maximum number of milleseconds before objects are expired.
     */
    public long getMaxLifetime() {
        return maxLifetime;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the maximum number of milleseconds that any object can live
     * in cache. Once the specified number of milleseconds passes, the object
     * will be automatically expried from cache. If the max lifetime is set
     * to -1, then objects never expire.
     *
     * @param maxLifetime the maximum number of milleseconds before objects are expired.
     */
    public void setMaxLifetime(long maxLifetime) {
        this.maxLifetime = maxLifetime;
        CacheFactory.setMaxLifetimeProperty(name, maxLifetime);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the size of an object in bytes. Determining size by serialization
     * is only used as a last resort.
     *
     * @return the size of an object in bytes.
     */
    private int calculateSize(Object object) {
        // If the object is Cacheable, ask it its size.
        if (object instanceof Cacheable) {
            return ((Cacheable)object).getCachedSize();
        }
        // Check for other common types of objects put into cache.
        else if (object instanceof String) {
            return CacheSizes.sizeOfString((String)object);
        }
        else if (object instanceof Long) {
            return CacheSizes.sizeOfLong();
        }
        else if (object instanceof Integer) {
            return CacheSizes.sizeOfObject() + CacheSizes.sizeOfInt();
        }
        else if (object instanceof Boolean) {
            return CacheSizes.sizeOfObject() + CacheSizes.sizeOfBoolean();
        }
        else if (object instanceof long[]) {
            long[] array = (long[])object;
            return CacheSizes.sizeOfObject() + array.length * CacheSizes.sizeOfLong();
        }
        else if (object instanceof byte[]) {
            byte [] array = (byte[])object;
            return CacheSizes.sizeOfObject() + array.length;
        }
        // Default behavior -- serialize the object to determine its size.
        else {
            int size = 1;
            try {
                // Default to serializing the object out to determine size.
                DefaultCache.NullOutputStream out = new DefaultCache.NullOutputStream();
                ObjectOutputStream outObj = new ObjectOutputStream(out);
                outObj.writeObject(object);
                size = out.size();
            }
            catch (IOException ioe) {
                Log.error(ioe);
            }
            return size;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Clears all entries out of cache where the entries are older than the
     * maximum defined age.
     */
    protected void deleteExpiredEntries() {
        // Check if expiration is turned on.
        if (maxLifetime <= 0) {
            return;
        }

        // Remove all old entries. To do this, we remove objects from the end
        // of the linked list until they are no longer too old. We get to avoid
        // any hash lookups or looking at any more objects than is strictly
        // neccessary.
        LinkedListNode node = ageList.getLast();
        // If there are no entries in the age list, return.
        if (node == null) {
            return;
        }

        // Determine the expireTime, which is the moment in time that elements
        // should expire from cache. Then, we can do an easy to check to see
        // if the expire time is greater than the expire time.
        long expireTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - maxLifetime;

        while (expireTime > node.timestamp) {
            // Remove the object
            remove(node.object);

            // Get the next node.
            node = ageList.getLast();
            // If there are no more entries in the age list, return.
            if (node == null) {
                return;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Removes objects from cache if the cache is too full. "Too full" is
     * defined as within 3% of the maximum cache size. Whenever the cache is
     * is too big, the least frequently used elements are deleted until the
     * cache is at least 10% empty.
     */
    protected final void cullCache() {
        // Check if a max cache size is defined.
        if (maxCacheSize < 0) {
            return;
        }

        // See if the cache size is within 3% of being too big. If so, clean out
        // cache until it's 10% free.
        if (cacheSize >= maxCacheSize * .97) {
            // First, delete any old entries to see how much memory that frees.
            deleteExpiredEntries();
            int desiredSize = (int)(maxCacheSize * .90);
            while (cacheSize > desiredSize) {
                // Get the key and invoke the remove method on it.
                remove(lastAccessedList.getLast().object);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Wrapper for all objects put into cache. It's primary purpose is to maintain
     * references to the linked lists that maintain the creation time of the object
     * and the ordering of the most used objects.
     */
    private static class CacheObject<V> {

        /**
         * Underlying object wrapped by the CacheObject.
         */
        public V object;

        /**
         * The size of the Cacheable object. The size of the Cacheable
         * object is only computed once when it is added to the cache. This makes
         * the assumption that once objects are added to cache, they are mostly
         * read-only and that their size does not change significantly over time.
         */
        public int size;

        /**
         * A reference to the node in the cache order list. We keep the reference
         * here to avoid linear scans of the list. Every time the object is
         * accessed, the node is removed from its current spot in the list and
         * moved to the front.
         */
        public LinkedListNode lastAccessedListNode;

        /**
         * A reference to the node in the age order list. We keep the reference
         * here to avoid linear scans of the list. The reference is used if the
         * object has to be deleted from the list.
         */
        public LinkedListNode ageListNode;

        /**
         * A count of the number of times the object has been read from cache.
         */
        public int readCount = 0;

        /**
         * Creates a new cache object wrapper. The size of the Cacheable object
         * must be passed in in order to prevent another possibly expensive
         * lookup by querying the object itself for its size.<p>
         *
         * @param object the underlying Object to wrap.
         * @param size   the size of the Cachable object in bytes.
         */
        public CacheObject(V object, int size) {
            this.object = object;
            this.size = size;
        }
    }

    /**
     * An extension of OutputStream that does nothing but calculate the number
     * of bytes written through it.
     */
    private static class NullOutputStream extends OutputStream {

        int size = 0;

        public void write(int b) throws IOException {
            size++;
        }

        public void write(byte[] b) throws IOException {
            size += b.length;
        }

        public void write(byte[] b, int off, int len) {
            size += len;
        }

        /**
         * Returns the number of bytes written out through the stream.
         *
         * @return the number of bytes written to the stream.
         */
        public int size() {
            return size;
        }
    }
}
